The Pandemic’s Impact on Widening the Gap

The COVID-19 pandemic acted as a litmus test, revealing the true extent of digital inequality. Pupils and students—especially those from rural areas and disadvantaged families—found themselves in a situation where education became inaccessible due to a lack of computers or stable internet. Teachers, lacking experience in remote instruction, also struggled to deliver knowledge. As a result, the educational gap between students from different social backgrounds widened significantly, and learning delays became more pronounced.

Why Access to Technology Is No Longer a Privilege but a Necessity

The modern education system requires more than just physical attendance in class. It demands active engagement through online platforms, digital libraries, video lectures, and testing systems. Learning increasingly relies on hybrid or fully remote formats. Without a laptop, tablet, or at least a smartphone with stable internet, a child is excluded from the learning environment. This not only reduces their chances of receiving quality education but also affects their self-confidence and motivation to learn.

Who Suffers the Most?

The most vulnerable are children from low-income families, especially in rural Hungary. In such households, a single computer may be shared by the entire family, or there may be no device at all. Even when a device is present, there may be no stable internet or no parent capable of helping the child navigate digital tools. Students in these conditions often miss assignments, submit work late, and struggle to grasp new material. Digital inequality directly affects their future, limiting their opportunities to enter universities and access quality employment.

Teachers and Digital Transformation: Challenge or Opportunity?

Not only students but also teachers suffer from the digital gap. The introduction of new technologies requires retraining, constant skill updates, and a readiness to work in new conditions. Many educators in Hungary, especially in small schools, lacked both technical resources and support during the transition to online education. Some teachers used messengers and email instead of full-scale platforms, reducing the efficiency of the learning process. The absence of unified digital standards also caused confusion and inequality in access to quality content.

Government Initiatives and Local Solutions

Hungary is taking steps to bridge the digital divide: programs are being launched to provide schools with equipment, expand internet coverage, and train teachers. However, in practice, many of these initiatives progress slowly or reach only a limited number of institutions. Often, it is local communities, non-profits, and schools themselves that take the lead—raising funds for devices, creating free Wi-Fi zones, or organizing in-person digital literacy workshops. These efforts are valuable, but without broad governmental support, they cannot fully eliminate the educational gap.

How Can We Reduce Digital Inequality in Education?

Solving this issue requires a systematic approach. First, all students must be provided with basic devices—computers and tablets. Second, stable and fast internet must be available in every school and household, especially in remote regions. Third, digital literacy must be developed among both students and teachers. It is also important to introduce unified standards for remote learning and create platforms with free educational materials. We must not forget psychological support for children who feel isolated due to their inability to participate in learning fully.

Education of the Future: Accessibility as a Foundation of Equity

Education is a right, not a privilege. In the digital age, equal access to technology is the foundation of that right. Hungary faces a crucial challenge: it can either create an inclusive and digitally competent educational system or allow inequality to grow, leading to the social and economic marginalization of future generations. Overcoming the digital divide is not just a task for schools or the Ministry—it is the responsibility of society as a whole.

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Historical Context and the Evolution of Presidential Power

Presidential power as a form of executive authority appeared relatively recently in historical terms, but it has already undergone numerous transformations. From early republican models with symbolic head-of-state functions to modern systems centered around dominant presidential figures, the journey has been complex. In different countries, this institution has developed differently: in some, the president plays mostly ceremonial roles, while in others, they become a central figure determining the course of the state for decades.
Interestingly, in the 21st century, when technology radically changes everyday life — from distance education to digital entertainment, including online casinos and formats such as valódi pénzes nyerőgépek — the perception of power also transforms in parallel. While some states expand presidential powers in response to the challenges of the digital age and global instability, others strive to maintain a balance, limiting the personal power of one individual through parliaments, courts, and civil society.

Why Are Presidential Powers Expanding?

When discussing the reasons for the strengthening of presidential power, it’s important to consider not only political but also sociocultural factors. The level of trust in institutions, public sentiment, and even the media landscape play a significant role in how willingly the population is ready to transfer more authority to a single leader.

Arguments of Supporters of Strong Presidential Power

Supporters of expanding presidential powers present several key arguments. First, in times of crisis — whether a pandemic, war, or economic downturn — centralized and swift responses are needed, which are hard to expect from a parliamentary system. A president with sufficient authority can make decisions quickly without going through lengthy legislative procedures.
Second, strong presidential power is often associated with political stability. Voters in some countries tend to seek a “national leader” figure capable of ensuring order, imposing discipline in the government, and defending the country on the international stage. This is particularly noticeable in countries with unstable party systems or weak institutions, where the personality of the president serves as a stabilizing factor.

The Dangers of Excessive Concentration of Power

However, the strengthening of power always comes with two sides. The resilience of democracy directly depends on society’s ability to restrain and control any form of power concentration, even when it comes from elected leaders.

Why Limitations Matter

The history of the 20th century clearly shows how easily a charismatic leader can turn into an authoritarian ruler in the absence of real checks and balances. The limitation of powers is not a sign of mistrust but a necessary tool for ensuring democratic order.
If a president gains the ability to directly influence the courts, the media, parliament, and election processes, democracy loses its stability. Without independent oversight, any action can be justified by state interests, national security, or the “will of the people.” This paves the way for arbitrariness, where laws begin to serve not society but a single person and their inner circle.

International Experience: From the US to Hungary

Examples from various countries clearly show how differently the concept of presidential power can be implemented. Different legal traditions, institutional development levels, and historical experiences determine the choice of a model considered most effective in specific conditions.
In the United States, for instance, the Constitution strictly limits the president’s authority: Congress controls the budget, the Supreme Court can block unconstitutional initiatives, and the media acts as public oversight. Even during political crises — such as impeachment proceedings or the Capitol riots — the system continued to function due to built-in checks.
Hungary, however, found itself in a different situation. In recent years, the role of the executive branch has significantly increased, while parliamentary institutions, on the contrary, have lost some influence. This sparked active debate within society and beyond: where is the line between effective governance and power concentration? Is it possible to maintain balance in the digital age, when any initiative can instantly gain support from millions via social media or be rejected after a single misstep?

Technology, Media, and Responsibility

The growth of digital platforms affects not only the economy and culture but also the style of political governance. Presidents increasingly act in conditions of constant public attention, where every statement immediately appears in news feeds or becomes the subject of comment discussions.
Modern technologies, including artificial intelligence, automation, and big data, have not only transformed the economy but have also reshaped the political environment. The president — as a bearer of power — now operates not only through decrees but also through digital channels. He becomes part of the online agenda: from tweets and live broadcasts to participating in media content competing for citizens’ attention alongside Netflix, TikTok, or even the online entertainment industry, such as internet casinos.
This shift to digital public presence makes power more vulnerable to emotion, information manipulation, and public pressure. At the same time, it raises the requirements for transparency, accountability, and the ability to function under scrutiny. Without boundaries and restrictions, this leads to the temptation to govern not by law but by emotion — which is especially dangerous in the age of hypercommunication.

How to Find Balance?

No political system is perfect, but it is the pursuit of balance that allows democratic institutions to remain viable. Oversight, transparency, and accountability must be embedded at every level of power.
Finding a balance between efficiency and constraint in presidential power requires not only legal mechanisms but also political culture. In countries where citizens are active and the media is independent, even the strongest president must consider public opinion. Where political institutions are transparent and the judiciary is independent, strengthening presidential power does not turn into dictatorship.
For Hungary and other Central European countries, this balance remains a key challenge. Considering historical traumas and the desire for stability, the temptation to trust in a “strong hand” remains. But the path to long-term development lies in institutional maturity, not in personalism.

Conclusion

Presidential power is a tool. And like any tool, it can serve good or ill, depending on who wields it and how. In the modern world, where the boundaries between politics and entertainment, between governance and marketing, are increasingly blurred, it is especially important to preserve common sense and respect for the principles of democracy. Only in this way can the stability of a system be ensured — a system where both the president and the people work for a shared future.

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Introducing the Bill to Congress

When a sponsor is ready, they give the bill to the clerk in the House or Senate. This is the official start. The bill gets a number and a title. From there, it is sent to a group called a committee. Not all bills go further than this point. Many are rejected early, especially if they are unclear or unpopular. If the bill is accepted, the process continues with committee review.

What Committees Do With Bills

A committee is a small group of lawmakers who focus on one topic, like education or health. When they get the bill, they study it. They might talk to experts, make changes, or even rewrite it. This process helps to make sure the bill is clear and useful. If the committee likes the bill, they vote on it. If most say yes, the bill goes to the full House or Senate for more debate. If most say no, the bill dies in committee and does not continue.

The Full Debate and Vote

If a bill passes the committee, it goes to the main group of lawmakers in the House or Senate. Here, more people look at it. They may also suggest changes. These changes are called amendments. After the debate, members vote. If most vote yes, the bill moves to the other part of Congress. So if it started in the House, it now goes to the Senate. If it started in the Senate, it moves to the House. Both must agree for the bill to move forward.

What Happens in the Other Chamber

Once the second part of Congress gets the bill, the steps are mostly the same. The bill goes to a committee, and if accepted, to the full group for debate and changes. Sometimes the second chamber agrees with the bill right away. But often, they want changes. If the second chamber changes the bill, it must go back to the first one. This back-and-forth can happen many times until both sides agree on one final version.

When There’s a Disagreement

If the House and Senate cannot agree on a version of the bill, a group called a conference committee is formed. This group includes members from both sides. They talk and try to agree on a single version. If they reach a deal, they send the final version to both the House and Senate again. Both must vote yes. If either side votes no, the bill does not move on. This step is important for solving major differences between the two chambers.

The President’s Role in the Process

When both the House and Senate pass the final version of a bill, it goes to the President. The President has three choices. They can sign it, and it becomes law. They can veto it, which means saying no. Or they can do nothing. If the President does nothing for 10 days while Congress is in session, the bill becomes law without a signature. But if Congress ends the session before the 10 days are over, the bill dies. This is called a pocket veto.

If the President Says No

If the President vetoes the bill, Congress can try to override that veto. To do this, both the House and Senate must vote again. But this time, two-thirds of the members must vote yes. That is a very high number. If they succeed, the bill becomes law even without the President’s approval. But if they fail, the bill does not become law. Overriding a veto is rare, but it is a key part of the process.

Why the Process Is So Long

The process of making a law in the U.S. is long on purpose. Each step is there to make sure the law is helpful, fair, and well thought out. It also gives many people a chance to be part of the decision. You might not always agree with the result, but the steps are designed to avoid rushed or harmful laws. It’s not perfect, but it gives structure to how major decisions are made.

How This Affects You

Even if you are not a lawmaker, you are still part of the process. You can contact your local representative and tell them what you care about. You can follow bills online and learn what they mean. Many parts of life, from the price of food to rules for non GamStop casinos, can be affected by new laws. Knowing how laws are made helps you understand how your government works. It also helps you ask better questions and get more involved if you want to.

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Who Gets Invited to Speak

At a hearing, not just anyone can show up and talk. Congress usually sends formal invitations to people who can help explain the topic. These people are called witnesses. A witness could be a scientist, a business owner, a police chief, or someone affected by a law. Each one brings a different view. For example, if Congress wants to know about internet safety, they might invite tech experts and parents. Witnesses prepare written statements before they come. At the hearing, they read their main points and then answer questions from lawmakers. Sometimes, a witness might be called many times during the year. Their role is not to make laws but to help lawmakers get the full picture before voting.

Questions and Answers

One of the most active parts of a hearing is the question and answer session. After a witness speaks, lawmakers take turns asking them questions. Some questions are easy, like asking for facts. Others can be tough, especially when lawmakers want to challenge the speaker’s opinion. This is where you often see strong debates. Lawmakers from different political parties may push the witness in different ways. But the goal is the same: getting more details. This process helps Congress understand the truth behind the issue. The Q&A can last several hours, especially if the topic is serious. Some questions might not get answered right away. In those cases, the witness can send written answers later.

The Role of Committees

Hearings happen inside committees. A committee is a smaller group of lawmakers focused on one area, like health, defense, or banking. Committees are where most of the real work in Congress takes place. You might hear names like “Senate Judiciary Committee” or “House Committee on Education.” These groups set the hearing schedule and choose the topics. They also decide who to invite as witnesses. If you are interested in an issue, the committee handling it is a good place to look. Non GamStop casinos, for example, could be discussed in a committee related to consumer protection or finance. After the hearing, the committee might write a report or suggest a new law. But nothing moves forward unless the full Congress agrees.

What Happens After the Hearing

Once the hearing ends, the work is not over. Everything that was said gets written down in a record. This record is made public so you can read it if you want. Lawmakers and their staff go over the notes and decide what to do next. They may write a new bill based on what they learned. Or, they may change a current law. Sometimes, nothing happens right away. A hearing can be just one step in a long process. But even if no law is passed, the hearing still matters. It brings attention to problems and puts them on the public record. That way, people know what their government is doing.

Media and Public Reaction

Congressional hearings often get a lot of media attention. News reporters write stories about the big moments. Sometimes, a witness says something surprising, and it becomes headline news. Other times, the topic itself is what brings interest. If the hearing is about a major issue like national security or public health, you will likely see it covered on TV or online. Public reaction can influence what happens next. If many people are upset or supportive, lawmakers may act faster. Social media also plays a big part now. Short clips from hearings can spread quickly and shape public opinion. But even without big headlines, each hearing adds to the larger discussion.

Different Types of Hearings

Not all congressional hearings are the same. Some are about making new laws. These are called legislative hearings. Others focus on checking how a law is being followed. Those are oversight hearings. Investigative hearings are held when something might be wrong, like a mistake or scandal. Each type has a slightly different goal, but they all use the same format: witnesses, questions, and public records. You might also hear about confirmation hearings. These happen when the Senate is deciding whether to approve someone for a high government job. No matter the type, each hearing follows rules to make sure it stays fair and useful.

Rules and Time Limits

Hearings are serious events, and there are many rules to follow. Lawmakers must speak one at a time. Witnesses have a time limit for their statements, usually five minutes. After that, each lawmaker also gets limited time to ask questions. These limits help keep the hearing on schedule. The chairperson of the committee is in charge. They make sure people follow the rules. If someone gets out of line, they can be asked to leave. The rules are not just for order; they also make sure that everyone gets a chance to speak. Even though the setting is formal, the goal is to make clear, useful decisions.

Final Thoughts on Hearings

Congressional hearings may seem complicated, but they are a key part of U.S. government. They allow lawmakers to collect facts before making choices. They also give the public a way to see how Congress works. If you care about a topic, watching a hearing is one way to stay informed. You do not need a degree or special training to understand what is going on. Just knowing the basics can help you follow the news better. And the more you know, the more you can take part in discussions about laws, government, and the future. Hearings are not just meetings—they are part of how decisions are made for everyone.

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This artiсle explores the growing role of Сongress in regulating teсhnology and the internet, examining key legislative initiatives aimed at addressing сhallenges in the digital age, and the evolving efforts to keep up with teсhnologiсal advanсes.

The Growing Importanсe of Teсhnology Regulation

The digital revolution has brought numerous benefits, suсh as improved aссess to information, more effiсient сommuniсation, and innovation aсross various seсtors. However, it has also introduсed new сhallenges and risks, inсluding сonсerns over data privaсy, monopolistiс praсtiсes by teсh giants, misinformation, and сyberseсurity threats. These issues neсessitate a balanсed approaсh to regulation that proteсts the publiс and promotes innovation while addressing the dangers posed by unсontrolled teсhnologiсal advanсements.

As the internet beсomes even more integral to soсiety, Сongress must adapt its approaсh to managing the digital sphere, keeping paсe with emerging teсhnologies like artifiсial intelligenсe (AI), maсhine learning, bloсkсhain, and the Internet of Things (IoT). With teсh сompanies having signifiсant influenсe over markets, politiсs, and publiс disсourse, Сongress’s role in сreating and enforсing poliсies that govern these teсhnologies has beсome more important than ever.

Key Legislative Initiatives and Their Impaсt

1. The Сommuniсations Deсenсy Aсt (СDA) and Seсtion 230

One of the most signifiсant and debated pieсes of legislation related to internet regulation is Seсtion 230 of the Сommuniсations Deсenсy Aсt (СDA) of 1996. This provision provides immunity to internet serviсe providers and platforms from being held liable for the сontent posted by users. The intent behind Seсtion 230 was to enсourage the growth of the internet by proteсting platforms from the legal risks assoсiated with user-generated сontent. It effeсtively allowed teсh сompanies to thrive without faсing the same legal liabilities as traditional media outlets.

However, Seсtion 230 has been a sourсe of сontroversy in reсent years. Сritiсs argue that it enables teсh giants like Faсebook, Twitter, and Google to avoid responsibility for the harmful сontent shared on their platforms, inсluding hate speeсh, misinformation, and сyberbullying. As a result, there have been growing сalls for reforming or repealing Seсtion 230 to hold these сompanies aссountable for their role in moderating сontent.

Сongress has responded to these сonсerns with several proposed reforms, inсluding the EARN IT Aсt and the STOP СSAM Aсt, whiсh seek to hold сompanies aссountable for the spread of сhild sexual abuse material online. While some reform proposals aim to preserve Seсtion 230 proteсtions for platforms that take aсtion against illegal сontent, others seek to impose greater oversight and responsibility on teсh сompanies.

2. Data Privaсy and Proteсtion: The Сalifornia Сonsumer Privaсy Aсt (ССPA) and Federal Efforts

Another key area of сonсern for Сongress is data privaсy. As more personal data is shared and сolleсted online, there is inсreasing сonсern over how this information is being used, stored, and proteсted. Data breaсhes and misuse of personal information by сompanies like Faсebook and Equifax have prompted lawmakers to push for stronger regulations.

At the state level, the Сalifornia Сonsumer Privaсy Aсt (ССPA), passed in 2018, provides a strong framework for proteсting сonsumer privaсy. The ССPA allows Сalifornia residents to сontrol how their personal data is сolleсted, aссessed, and shared, inсluding the right to request that businesses delete their data and the ability to opt out of data sales. While the ССPA is one of the most сomprehensive state-level privaсy laws, it highlights the need for a more unified, nationwide approaсh to data privaсy.

In response to growing сonсerns over data privaсy, Сongress has introduсed various federal proposals, suсh as the Сonsumer Online Privaсy Rights Aсt (СOPRA) and the Ameriсan Data Privaсy Proteсtion Aсt (ADPPA). These bills aim to establish сomprehensive federal privaсy proteсtions, inсluding the right to aссess, сorreсt, and delete personal data, as well as enforсe restriсtions on how сompanies use sensitive information. Federal legislation is essential to сreate a сonsistent framework for proteсting сonsumer data aсross the сountry, espeсially in an inсreasingly globalized digital marketplaсe.

3. Antitrust Regulation and Big Teсh

The dominanсe of major teсh сompanies like Amazon, Google, Apple, and Faсebook has raised signifiсant сonсerns about monopolistiс praсtiсes and the laсk of сompetition in the digital eсonomy. As these сompanies сontinue to сonsolidate power in their respeсtive industries, there have been сalls for antitrust reform to prevent anti-сompetitive behavior and ensure a fairer market for smaller businesses and сonsumers.

In response, Сongress has been exploring ways to update antitrust laws to better address the unique сhallenges posed by teсh giants. The Ameriсan Innovation and Сhoiсe Online Aсt, for example, is a bill that seeks to prevent teсh сompanies from using their market dominanсe to unfairly favor their own produсts and serviсes over сompetitors. It would prevent platforms from promoting their own serviсes or produсts in a way that harms сompetition, suсh as giving priority to their own searсh results on Google or Amazon.

In addition to antitrust measures, Сongress has investigated the business praсtiсes of major teсh firms through hearings and investigations. Notably, the House Judiсiary Сommittee’s Antitrust Subсommittee сonduсted an in-depth investigation into the praсtiсes of Amazon, Apple, Faсebook, and Google, сulminating in a report сalling for legislative aсtion to сurb the monopolistiс power of these сompanies.

4. Сyberseсurity and National Seсurity: The Role of Сongress in Proteсting the Digital Infrastruсture

As сyber threats beсome inсreasingly sophistiсated, proteсting сritiсal digital infrastruсture has beсome a top priority for lawmakers. Сyberseсurity breaсhes, inсluding ransomware attaсks and foreign interferenсe in U.S. eleсtions, have demonstrated the vulnerabilities in the nation’s digital systems. To address these risks, Сongress has passed a series of bills aimed at strengthening the nation’s сyberseсurity defenses.

One suсh initiative is the Сyberseсurity Aсt of 2015, whiсh established measures for improving information-sharing between the private seсtor and government agenсies to сombat сyber threats. More reсent legislation, like the National Defense Authorization Aсt (NDAA) for Fisсal Year 2021, inсludes provisions for enhanсing сyberseсurity within the federal government and private seсtors, as well as promoting the development of more seсure teсhnologies.

Additionally, Сongress is exploring legislative options to regulate the growing role of Сhinese teсh сompanies like Huawei and TikTok, сiting national seсurity сonсerns over potential espionage or surveillanсe risks assoсiated with foreign-owned platforms.

Сonсlusion: The Evolving Role of Сongress in the Digital Age

As teсhnology сontinues to evolve at an unpreсedented paсe, Сongress faсes the ongoing сhallenge of сrafting legislation that both promotes innovation and proteсts сonsumers, privaсy, and national seсurity. From regulating big teсh сompanies to seсuring personal data and proteсting against сyberseсurity threats, Сongress’s role in shaping the digital landsсape is beсoming more сruсial than ever.

The legislative initiatives disсussed above refleсt a growing reсognition of the need to address the сomplexities of the digital world. However, there is still muсh work to be done to сreate a regulatory framework that balanсes the interests of сonsumers, businesses, and governments in the digital age. As the digital landsсape сontinues to evolve, Сongress must remain proaсtive, flexible, and forward-thinking to ensure that the internet and teсhnology work for the benefit of soсiety as a whole.

The post The Role of Сongress in Regulating Teсhnology and the Internet: Legislative Initiatives in the Age of Digital Transformation appeared first on Congress For-MarNewman.

Initiative: Who can propose a bill?

The idea for a new law can come from different actors in the political and legislative process. In most democracies, the initiator of a bill can be:

• Members of parliament or congress: Parliamentarians often initiate bills in response to societal needs or pressing issues that require legal regulation.
• Government and governors: In some countries, the government and regional authorities may propose bills to improve governance or implement social and economic programs.
• Citizens and civil society organizations: In many countries, citizens can initiate laws through signature collection or through civil society organizations that support solutions to address pressing public issues.
• International organizations: International organizations or foreign governments can also propose changes to legislation, especially in areas such as trade, human rights or environmental protection.

Drafting the text of a draft law

Drafting the text of a bill is an important stage that determines not only the content, but also the legal, economic and social justification of the future law. This process involves several key steps:

1. Legal drafting of the text

The text of a bill must be legally precise and clear to avoid ambiguity in the future. Lawyers develop clear wording that takes into account legal norms and standards.

2. Impact assessment

Before a draft law is submitted to parliament, its impact on the economy, social processes and citizens’ rights is analyzed to assess its effectiveness and identify possible risks.

3. Consultation with experts and stakeholders

An important part of drafting is involving experts and stakeholder groups for feedback to help improve the draft.

4. Consideration of international standards

If the law affects international relations, international standards and agreements must be taken into account so as not to violate the country’s obligations.

5. Technical and financial elaboration

The draft law should be elaborated from the point of view of practical implementation, including the necessary resources and financial component.

Discussion and adoption of a draft law in parliament

When a draft law is submitted to the parliament, its discussion begins, which goes through several key stages. At this stage, a detailed review of the initiative takes place, and MPs decide on what amendments and additions should be made and hold votes to determine whether the draft law is ready for further advancement.

1. First reading

A bill first goes through a first reading where its main provisions are presented to Parliament. Usually there is no in-depth discussion at this stage, but only a review of the objectives and main provisions of the draft law. It is a kind of review that allows deputies to assess whether it is worthwhile to continue working on the draft.

2. Committee hearings and discussions

After the first reading, the bill is sent to committees – specialized groups of deputies who study the proposal in more detail. At this stage, committee hearings are held where experts, government and public representatives can express their opinions on the bill. The committees analyze the possible effects of the law, make the necessary changes and may propose additional amendments.

3. Introducing amendments

During the discussion of the draft law, deputies may propose amendments that are aimed at clarifying or improving certain provisions. This may concern both changes in the text of the law and the addition of new articles. Amendments can be proposed by both MPs and committees and are subject to a vote.

4. Second reading

After all amendments have been made and discussed, the bill returns to Parliament for a second reading. At this stage, MPs vote on the main provisions of the draft law, including amendments made at the previous stage. If the draft receives approval, it is advanced to the next stage.

5. Voting

After all motions have been debated and amended, the bill is subject to a final vote. In order for a bill to be passed, a certain number of votes must be obtained, which may vary depending on the system (simple majority or qualified majority). If the bill passes the vote, it is sent to the other house of parliament (if there is one) or for final approval.

6. Harmonization between the chambers

If a bill passes in one chamber, it may be referred to the other chamber (if the parliament is bicameral). There, the bill can also be discussed and new amendments can be made. If the second chamber proposes changes, the bill is returned to the first chamber for reconciliation. In case of disagreement, further discussion or compromise may be required.

Harmonization and second reading

Once a bill has been approved in one chamber of parliament, it is passed to the other chamber for further consideration. At this stage, there may be disagreements about its content, as each chamber may make suggestions and amendments. If the second chamber proposes changes, the bill is returned to the first chamber for reconciliation. This process may involve additional discussions as well as attempts to find a compromise between different points of view. It is important that both chambers reach an agreed version of the law before it is sent to a final vote. Sometimes a conciliation committee may be convened to resolve differences, which helps to resolve inconsistencies and adopt a final version of the document ready for further approval.

Signing and entry into force

Once a bill has been approved by all participants in the legislative process, including both houses of parliament, it is sent for signature by the head of state – the president or the monarch, depending on the form of government. The signature of the head of state is a formal procedure that confirms that the law has received official approval and can be enforced. Once signed, the law is published in an official source, which constitutes its entry into force. Depending on the specific provisions of the law, entry into force may occur immediately or after a certain period of time to allow time to prepare all the necessary structures for its implementation. From that moment on, the law becomes binding and is applied in real life.

The post How Laws Are Made: The Legislative Process Explained appeared first on Congress For-MarNewman.

Politics and Cryptocurrency: The Inevitable Connection

Cryptocurrencies are often perceived as a means to circumvent traditional financial systems and government regulations. However, without an adequate policy framework, they face risks associated with legal restrictions and regulatory changes. Changes in the political environment can both promote the growth of cryptocurrencies and cause them to slow down.

Impact of political changes on the regulation of cryptocurrencies

One of the most significant factors that influence the development of cryptocurrencies is the government’s policy regarding their regulation. Difficulties related to taxation, prevention of money laundering and combating terrorist financing have become the main arguments against cryptocurrencies in a number of countries. Against the backdrop of these changes, various online platforms may face new challenges related to gambling regulation, including in the context of cryptocurrency transfers and bonus offers.

Examples of political influences on cryptocurrency:

• Prohibitive measures: Some countries, such as China, have imposed strict bans on the use of cryptocurrencies, citing threats to financial stability and national security. This also affects the availability of online casinos to users in such countries.
• Positive regulation: In countries such as Switzerland, Singapore and Japan, cryptocurrencies are subjected to more lenient regulation, which facilitates their growth and integration into the economy. In these countries, such platforms can offer more favorable conditions for players, including no-deposit bonuses, which attracts new customers.
• Taxation: Changes in the taxation of cryptocurrencies, as has happened in the US in recent years, may affect the operation of online casinos, including the ability to offer bonuses such as Betfoxx casino no deposit bonus, which will be an additional incentive to attract players.

Geopolitical risks and their impact on cryptocurrencies

Geopolitical instability and political conflicts have a significant impact on cryptocurrencies. In the context of economic sanctions and political crises, cryptocurrencies become protective assets for investors seeking to secure their capital.

Key events and their impact

• Crisis in Venezuela

Due to hyperinflation and economic instability in Venezuela, cryptocurrencies such as bitcoin and stablecoins have become popular tools for saving and making international payments. The local currency (bolivar) was depreciating, and residents began to actively switch to cryptocurrencies as a hedge against inflation.

• Ukrainian conflict

The war in Ukraine has led to a growing interest in cryptocurrencies among citizens trying to transfer funds abroad and protect them from economic sanctions and the devaluation of the hryvnia. Cryptocurrencies have become a convenient way to transfer funds in an unstable financial system.

• Sanctions against Russia

In response to international sanctions against Russia, cryptocurrencies have become a popular tool for circumventing financial restrictions. Russian companies and individuals began to actively use cryptocurrencies for international transactions, which made it possible to partially offset the effects of sanctions.

Political forces and the future of cryptocurrency technology

Political forces around the world are beginning to recognize the importance of cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology, developing strategies to regulate and support innovation, which is impacting the industry.

Leaders’ influence on the crypto industry

• In the US, cryptocurrency policies vary from state to state. In states like Wyoming and Texas, cryptocurrencies are more leniently regulated, which has helped the industry grow. However, New York has strict laws such as BitLicense, which limits opportunities for cryptocurrency companies. This creates an uneven business environment and may lead cryptocurrency startups to migrate to other jurisdictions with more liberal regulation.
• The European Union is actively developing projects, including the digital euro, and implementing centralized solutions for cryptocurrencies. At the same time, strict anti-money laundering and financial crime measures may hinder the growth of cryptocurrency technologies, as is the case under MiCA regulation. These measures could lead to additional administrative and financial burdens on cryptocurrency companies, slowing their development.
• China became the first major country to completely ban the use of cryptocurrencies. As a result, cryptocurrency mining has moved to other countries. However, China is actively developing its central bank digital currency (CBDC), which shows its interest in blockchain technology as part of state control. This could be a key tool for China in the global struggle for influence in digital finance and reducing dependence on international monetary systems.

Risks and opportunities for business in the context of political instability

For businesses in the cryptocurrency sector, political instability can be both a threat and an opportunity. Against the backdrop of reforms and legislative changes, cryptocurrency companies must adapt to new conditions.

What are the main risks?

• Legal uncertainty: In countries with unstable political situations, there may be a risk of changes in legislation, resulting in additional costs to comply with new regulations.
• Variable taxation conditions: Tax policies on cryptocurrencies can change dramatically, creating uncertainty for businesses.

How to capitalize on change?

• Development of innovative solutions: Policy changes may stimulate demand for innovative cryptocurrency solutions, such as new types of stablecoins designed to preserve value in the face of inflation or economic instability.
• Flexibility in legislative initiatives: The adoption of new laws and regulations may open up opportunities to create new financial products adapted to changing market conditions.

Conclusion

Cryptocurrencies and politics form a dynamic and interconnected system in which every political decision can significantly impact the industry. Political forces and regulators around the world are increasingly realizing the strategic importance of blockchain technology, leading them to forge new approaches to regulating cryptocurrencies. In a future where political and economic crises will continue to shape the market, flexibility and willingness to adapt will be critical skills for crypto industry participants. To make the most of the opportunities offered by cryptocurrencies and minimize risks, it is necessary to constantly monitor changes in the political sphere and adjust their strategies in a timely manner.

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Current State of Campaign Finance

To understand the potential impact of reform, we first need to examine how campaign finance currently operates. The 2010 Citizens United v. FEC ruling opened the floodgates for unlimited spending by corporations and unions, paving the way for Super PACs to exert immense influence over elections. Super PACs can raise and spend unlimited amounts of money, as long as they don’t coordinate directly with candidates. This legal loophole allows them to run ads and fund initiatives that indirectly benefit candidates.

Moreover, “dark money” — political spending by nonprofit organizations that are not required to disclose their donors — further obscures the source of political influence. These funds often come from corporations and wealthy individuals with vested interests in specific legislation, policies, or regulatory outcomes. Consequently, large donors wield disproportionate influence, drowning out the voices of ordinary citizens.

While candidates still rely on small donations, the vast majority of campaign funding comes from wealthy individuals and interest groups, raising concerns about how campaign contributions impact legislative decisions. The current system fosters a political environment in which elected officials may feel more accountable to their major donors than to the constituents they are supposed to represent.

The Call for Reform

Campaign finance reform is not a new idea. For years, lawmakers, activists, and organizations have called for greater transparency and accountability in how campaigns are funded. The key components of campaign finance reform typically include:

1. Increased transparency: Requiring all political donations to be fully disclosed, including those funneled through nonprofit organizations and Super PACs. This would allow voters to see who is funding campaigns and why.
2. Capping contributions: Limiting the amount of money individuals, corporations, and interest groups can donate to a candidate or political committee. This would help level the playing field and reduce the outsized influence of wealthy donors.
3. Public financing: Offering public funding to candidates who agree to strict fundraising limits, thereby reducing their reliance on private donors. Publicly funded elections could amplify the voices of everyday citizens and ensure that candidates are not beholden to wealthy backers.

Legislation such as the “For the People Act” has sought to address these issues. The bill proposes measures to reduce the influence of big money in politics by increasing transparency, instituting public financing for campaigns, and strengthening enforcement of campaign finance laws. However, such reforms face fierce opposition from powerful donors and interest groups who benefit from the current system.

How Reform Could Change the Composition of Congress

One of the most significant impacts of campaign finance reform would be on the types of candidates who run for office. Currently, candidates with access to wealthy networks or who are independently wealthy have a major advantage in fundraising. This financial barrier can prevent highly qualified individuals from less affluent backgrounds from running for office.

If campaign contributions were capped, and public financing became more widespread, it could encourage more diverse candidates to enter the political arena. Grassroots candidates who rely on small donations from individual voters could be more competitive, leading to a Congress that better reflects the socioeconomic and racial diversity of the American population.

Take, for example, the campaign of Bernie Sanders, who built a political movement largely funded by small-dollar donations. His success demonstrated that candidates could mount a serious campaign without relying on big donors. If more candidates followed this model, it could significantly change the face of Congress by reducing the influence of the elite and fostering a more representative democracy.

Moreover, campaign finance reform could lead to greater representation of marginalized communities, such as women, people of color, and working-class individuals, who historically face higher barriers to entering politics. These groups are often underrepresented in Congress because they lack access to the wealth and connections needed to run successful campaigns.

Reducing the Influence of Special Interests

Campaign finance reform would also reduce the sway that special interest groups and lobbyists hold over elected officials. Currently, corporations and industries with deep pockets can fund campaigns and Super PACs, expecting that the politicians they support will advance their interests in Congress.

For instance, the fossil fuel industry spends millions of dollars each election cycle supporting candidates who are likely to oppose environmental regulations. In return, these politicians often prioritize the interests of their corporate donors over the public good, as seen in legislative battles over climate change policy.

By limiting the amount of money special interest groups can donate, campaign finance reform would help ensure that legislators are focused on the needs of their constituents rather than the interests of the highest bidder. This could lead to more balanced policymaking and reduce the perception that Congress is beholden to corporate donors.

Enhancing Accountability and Public Trust

Public trust in Congress is at an all-time low, with many Americans believing that lawmakers are more concerned with pleasing donors than representing their constituents. Campaign finance reform could help restore faith in the political system by making it clear that elected officials are accountable to the people who vote for them, not the corporations and wealthy individuals who fund their campaigns.

One of the most effective ways to enhance accountability is by requiring full transparency in campaign contributions. When voters can easily see who is funding a candidate’s campaign, it becomes easier to hold them accountable for their actions in office. This transparency would also help reduce corruption, as politicians would no longer be able to quietly accept large sums of money from donors with specific policy agendas.

Additionally, public financing of campaigns would allow candidates to spend more time engaging with voters and less time fundraising. This could lead to a stronger focus on policy and governance, rather than catering to wealthy donors.

Challenges and Criticism of Campaign Finance Reform

Despite its potential benefits, campaign finance reform faces significant challenges. One of the most prominent obstacles is the legal framework established by Citizens United, which equates money with free speech. Opponents argue that limiting campaign contributions infringes on First Amendment rights, making it difficult to pass laws capping donations or restricting corporate spending.

Moreover, powerful political donors and interest groups have a vested interest in maintaining the status quo. These groups often wield significant influence over both parties, making it challenging to pass meaningful reform through a divided Congress.

Another criticism of public financing is the potential cost to taxpayers. Opponents argue that public funds should not be used to finance political campaigns, particularly in times of economic hardship. However, proponents of reform contend that the long-term benefits — a more representative and accountable government — far outweigh the costs.

Conclusion

Campaign finance reform has the potential to fundamentally reshape the way Congress operates. By reducing the influence of wealthy donors and special interest groups, reform could lead to a more diverse and accountable Congress, better equipped to represent the interests of the American people. While significant challenges remain, the push for reform continues to gain momentum, driven by the growing recognition that money should not dictate political power. As the debate unfolds, one thing is clear: campaign finance reform could be the key to restoring public trust in American democracy.

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The Rise of Cybercrime

Cybercrime is a brutal fact of our linked world. Identity theft, hacking, and large-scale data breaches are routine. Cybercrimes endanger privacy, national security, and key infrastructure. Cyber dangers are becoming more sophisticated and frequent, making legal action necessary to combat them.

The Evolution of Cybercrime Laws

To adapt to the digital age, cybercrime laws have changed dramatically. Legal systems initially struggled to counter cybercrimes. As cyberattacks became more severe and frequent, policymakers realised they needed comprehensive legislation.

Many countries now have cybercrime laws that outline offences, punishments, and investigation and prosecution procedures. International cybercrime conventions like the Budapest Convention enable cross-border collaboration. These laws and agreements are essential for legal digital privacy protection.

Balancing Security and Privacy

Crafting cybercrime laws requires balancing cybersecurity and digital privacy. While strong cybersecurity measures protect against cyber threats, they may violate privacy rights. Lawmakers must strike a delicate balance, empowering law enforcement to combat cybercrime while respecting citizens’ rights.

The Role of Encryption

Encryption is critical to maintaining digital privacy. It entails encoding data in such a way that only authorised parties can decipher it. Governments and law enforcement agencies, on the other hand, have occasionally attempted to regulate encryption in order to acquire access to encrypted data for security reasons. This has generated discussions about the potential loss of privacy.

Concerns have been expressed concerning the implications of government measures to weaken encryption on individual privacy. Striking a balance between granting authorised security services access to encrypted data and maintaining individuals’ privacy is a continuing difficulty in the field of cybercrime laws.

Implications for Digital Privacy

Cybercrime laws have far-reaching ramifications for digital privacy. While these regulations are intended to improve cybersecurity, they may accidentally violate individuals’ digital privacy rights. Surveillance programmes, for example, designed to detect possible dangers may mistakenly collect data on innocent people, raising worries about mass surveillance.

Furthermore, data retention rules that oblige organisations to keep user data for extended periods of time might have serious privacy issues. The conflict between security and privacy continues to be a major issue in the formulation and implementation of cybercrime legislation.

Case Studies

Let’s look at a handful of case studies to better appreciate the real-world impact of cybercrime legislation on digital privacy.

Case Study 1: The USA PATRIOT Act

The USA PATRIOT Act, enacted in the wake of the 9/11 attacks, granted the U.S. government expanded surveillance powers in the name of national security. While it aimed to combat terrorism, it also raised concerns about privacy violations. The act allowed the collection of vast amounts of data on U.S. citizens, sparking debates over civil liberties.

Case Study 2: The European Union’s GDPR

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the European Union was designed to protect individuals’ privacy by regulating the processing of personal data. While it provides robust privacy rights for EU citizens, it also places significant compliance burdens on businesses. GDPR showcases the tension between privacy rights and business interests.

The Future of Cybercrime Laws and Privacy

Future cybercrime legislation and digital privacy are unknown. Quantum computing and artificial intelligence will present new cybercrime challenges and potential. As these technologies grow, politicians must adapt and pass laws that protect digital privacy from new threats.

The link between cybercrime legislation and digital privacy is complex and changing. These rules are crucial to fighting cyberattacks and preserving society, but also create privacy concerns. The correct balance between security and privacy is a challenge, and society must have informed discussions and debates to design cybercrime laws that respect both. The digital age requires achieving this balance to ensure a safe and private online environment for all.

Conclusion

Digital privacy and cybercrime are major challenges. The need for digital privacy laws develops as technology and cyber threats evolve. Making these rules is tough because they must balance cybersecurity and privacy. Data leaks and critical infrastructure attacks have increased cybercrime, requiring legal action. Laws have changed to improve cybercrime response and international collaboration.

Security and privacy are hard to balance. Some security laws breach digital privacy. Debates over mass surveillance, data retention, and encryption legislation demonstrate the security-privacy problem. Cybercrime laws affect digital privacy, as shown by the USA PATRIOT Act and GDPR. These examples show that policies affect security and privacy differently. Cybercrime and digital privacy laws are unknown. AI and quantum computing will increase cybercrime risks and opportunities. To address these new issues and preserve privacy, lawmakers must adopt legislation.

The relationship between cybercrime laws and digital privacy is complicated. Consider evolving threats, privacy risks, and security and individual rights. Due to this complexity, government, business, and civil society entities must engage in informed dialogues, debates, and partnerships to protect digital privacy and cyber dangers. Finding this balance is moral, ethical, and legal as we make the internet safer and more private.

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The Revenue Factor in Legalizing Sports Gambling

The potential for sports gambling to generate significant cash for individual governments is one of the main reasons for legalizing it. Sports betting is already permitted in many states, including sportsbook in cambodia, as they recognize it as a profitable source of income. The effort is expected to generate millions of dollars in income around the nation, funding a range of initiatives and services. However, some jurisdictions have rushed into legalization without carefully weighing the wider ramifications as a result of this “first past the post” strategy.

The Rush for Legalization and Its Pitfalls

Some states have not done their due diligence on the extensive effects of legalizing sports gambling because they are anxious to reap the benefits. Sports gambling frameworks may be subject to conflicts of interest due to the paucity of thorough research and analysis. Furthermore, the lack of well-established safeguards and accountability systems is alarming since it could lead to a variety of sports gambling-related ills going unchecked.

Ethics and Economics: A Research Study

Through the Bass Connections Student Research Award, researchers Jason Kwak and Neelesh Pandey carried out a study to better understand the effects of sports gambling legislation. They conducted interviews with lawmakers, lobbyists, university athletics compliance directors, and “problem gambling” advocacy leaders as part of their research, which was centered on the ethics and economics of sports betting. The study found that the desire for public and private revenue is what motivates officials and lobbyists the most.

The Social Impact: Problem Gambling Advocacy

The rise of legal sports betting has raised concerns about its potential social impact, particularly on problem gambling. Approximately 2% of Americans, equivalent to about 6.6 million people, struggle with gambling addiction. The accessibility and mainstream acceptance of sports betting have led to an increase in the number of individuals engaging in this activity. For some, this has resulted in devastating personal consequences, including shattered families, lost jobs, and financial ruin.

The Rising Human Cost of Sports Betting

Sports betting addiction has become a severe issue, with individuals of various ages battling this compulsion. The ease of access to legal sports betting has amplified the problem, with an estimated 30% of Americans now having the option to legally wager on sporting events. The impact of this addiction on mental and public health is a growing concern, prompting experts to explore strategies for prevention, treatment, and support.

Public Health Effects of Gambling

The legalization of sports betting may have broader effects on public health than just those that affect individuals. Studies have linked the availability of gambling to a higher incidence of substance misuse, mental health issues, and suicide. Legalizing sports betting might make it more prevalent and put at-risk groups at risk by normalizing it. Policymakers must adopt comprehensive harm reduction initiatives and give public health concerns first priority.

The Ethical Concerns of Legal Sports Betting

Legalizing sports gambling raises several ethical concerns. Critics argue that it preys on vulnerable individuals, exploits addiction, and perpetuates a culture of instant gratification and risk-taking. Additionally, the potential for match-fixing and corruption within professional sports leagues poses significant ethical challenges. Balancing the economic benefits with these ethical considerations requires careful regulation, oversight, and industry responsibility.

Legal Sports Betting: A New Economy Built on Vice

The legalization of sports gambling effectively creates a new economy centered around a vice. The revenue generated from sports betting relies on individuals willingly risking their money with the hope of a financial return. While proponents argue that it is merely a form of entertainment, critics contend that the industry profits from the losses of individuals, further exacerbating socioeconomic disparities. The ethical implications of such an economy demand thorough examination and scrutiny.

The Road to Implementation: Licensing, Taxing, and Leagues’ Demands

Implementing a legal sports betting framework involves a complex set of considerations. Licensing requirements, taxation structures, and satisfying the demands of professional sports leagues all factor into the equation. States must strike a balance between creating a competitive market, protecting consumers, and ensuring the integrity of the games. The negotiation process is ongoing, and jurisdictions continue to refine their approach based on the lessons learned from early adopters.

Who Benefits From Legal Sports Betting?

Legal sports betting creates winners and losers, both in economic and social terms. While states benefit from increased revenue, gambling operators profit from consumer participation. Professional sports leagues also seek a share of the pie through licensing fees and partnerships. However, it is essential to examine who bears the costs of this enterprise. Often, those disproportionately impacted are the most vulnerable members of society, raising important equity and justice concerns.

Conclusion

The legalization of sports gambling presents a complex and multifaceted issue. While it holds the potential for significant revenue generation and economic growth, it also carries ethical and social implications that cannot be ignored. Balancing the costs and benefits requires comprehensive research, effective regulation, and a commitment to harm reduction. Policymakers, industry stakeholders, and society as a whole must carefully consider the long-term effects of legal sports betting on individuals, communities, and the broader fabric of society.

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